A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF GENDER VARIATIONS IN THE PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN

Abstract

Objective: The present study aimed to examine gender-based differences in the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among patients in Punjab, as well as to identify the socio-economic and cultural factors contributing to these mental health issues.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 400 patients (200 males and 200 females), aged 18–65 years, recruited from both outpatient (OPD) and inpatient (IPD) departments of Lady Wallington Hospital, Lahore. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) alongside a structured demographic questionnaire. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and logistic regression to assess associations and predictors.

Results: Findings revealed that female participants reported significantly higher prevalence rates of depression (65%), anxiety (70%), and stress (60%) compared to their male counterparts (40%, 45%, and 35%, respectively). Socio-economic factors such as low educational attainment, unemployment, domestic abuse, and financial instability were strongly associated with poor mental health outcomes among women. Male participants also experienced notable levels of stress and anxiety, largely linked to poverty, inflation, and the pressures of supporting large families.

Conclusion: The study identified marked gender disparities in depression, anxiety, and stress prevalence among patients in Punjab. The higher rates among women underscore the importance of culturally sensitive and gender-responsive mental health services. Strategies such as promoting economic independence, reducing gender-based educational gaps, and expanding accessible mental health care are essential to alleviate the mental health burden in the province