SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY IN HYPERTENSIVE AND DIABETIC PATIENTS

Abstract

Background:
Sonographic evaluation of ectopic pregnancy is critical for early diagnosis, especially in patients with chronic conditions like hypertension and diabetes. These comorbidities may complicate clinical presentation and increase the risk of adverse maternal outcomes. High-resolution ultrasound offers a non-invasive, reliable method to identify ectopic implantation and guide timely management.

Objective: To evaluate the role of sonography in ectopic pregnancy of diabetes and hypertensive patients.

Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on women of reproductive age presenting with clinical suspicion of ectopic pregnancy. Participants having a verified history of diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension were included. High-resolution ultrasound equipment was used to perform transabdominal and transvaginal sonographic examinations after a thorough clinical evaluation and laboratory investigations. Sonographic measures were recorded, including the characteristics of the adnexal mass, the presence of the gestational sac and fetal heart activity. The results were examined to identify the sonographic patterns of ectopic pregnancy in individuals with diabetes and hypertension, as well as to evaluate associations with biochemical markers and clinical profiles.

Results: Out of 22 ectopic pregnancies participants evaluated from sonographic evaluation only 6 (27.27%) patients were found hypertensive while on the other hand 2 (9.09%) diabetic patients were among 22 ectopic pregnancies participants. Sonographic evaluation revealed different types of ectopic pregnancies comprises of 4 (18.18%) corneal EP, 4 (18.18) uterine EP and 14 (63.64%) others EP (including Ampulla EP, Abdominal EP, Cervical EP, and Ovarian EP. Sonographic evaluation also revealed that out of 22 patients, 10 (45.45%) patients contain free fluid while on the other hand 12 (54.55%) patients do not have free fluid. As far as gestational sac is concerned, it was found in 19 (86.36%) patients while 3 (13.64%) patients do not have gestational sac. Cardiac activity was found in 14 (63.64%) patients while 8 (36.36%) patients do not have cardiac activity.
Conclusion; This study demonstrates that sonography remains a highly effective tool for detecting ectopic pregnancy in women with coexisting hypertension and diabetes. Most patients showed identifiable sonographic features, including adnexal masses, gestational sacs, and fetal cardiac activity, enabling timely diagnosis. Although only a small proportion of ectopic pregnancy cases were associated with hypertension and diabetes, recognizing these comorbidities alongside key ultrasound findings can support earlier intervention and improvedclinicaloutcomes: