ADVANCEMENTS IN NAEGLERIA DETECTION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES

Abstract

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare but highly fatal central nervous system infection caused by the free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri, commonly found in warm freshwater environments. This review aims to explore recent advancements in diagnostic approaches and preventive strategies associated with N. fowleri infection. The organism typically enters the human body through the nasal cavity during water-related activities, rapidly migrating to the brain via the olfactory nerves, leading to severe inflammation, cerebral edema, and death within a few days if untreated. Clinical presentation often mimics bacterial meningitis, including symptoms such as fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status, which frequently result in delayed or misdiagnosis.

Diagnostic methods include direct microscopic visualization of trophozoites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), culture techniques, immunohistochemistry, and advanced molecular approaches such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Among these, molecular diagnostics have shown higher sensitivity and specificity, enabling earlier and more accurate detection. However, limited availability of advanced diagnostic facilities in resource-constrained settings remains a significant challenge.

Preventive strategies primarily focus on minimizing exposure to contaminated water, maintaining proper chlorination in recreational water bodies, and promoting public awareness regarding safe water practices. Emerging interventions, including vaccine research and enhanced environmental monitoring, offer promising future directions. Overall, early diagnosis, improved surveillance, and strengthened public health interventions are critical to reducing the mortality associated with PAM. This review highlights the urgent need for integrating advanced diagnostic tools with effective preventive measures to improve patient outcomes and control the spread of this deadly infection.