SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOUS: CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematous is an autoimmune disorder with type III hypersensitivity reaction, which spreads over time and eventually affects different organs of the body, making the symptoms worse. Most of the causes of this disease are still unknown; however, its pathophysiology may be assigned to various important components. Clinically, the disease is identified by phases of relapse and remission that can exist as specific and constitutional symptoms of multiple organs. Researchers have studied the disease by clinical findings, immunofluoroscopy, photomicrography, biopsy, and screening tests, and have tried to find the relationship between its inheritance, occurrence, presentation, and advanced manifestations. This review deals with the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations, histologic findings, and laboratory diagnosis, trying to rule out the basic presentations and pathophysiological effects of this autoimmune disorder.