EFFECTS OF NICOTINE ON BONE GROWTH AND WEIGHT IN WISTAR RAT PUPS DURING PREGNANCY: A CASE CONTROL STUDY

Abstract

Introduction: The females are susceptible to harmful effects of nicotine and other illicit drugs during pregnancy. the maternal use of tobacco are other drugs causes malformations in the fetus. This malformation can lead to wide range of health issues to the mother as well as to the fetus. The common malformations include congenital anomalies, reduce birth weight, disturbance in weight to length ratio. The most dangerous results are the increase in morbidity and mortality   in the fetus.

Methodology: The facility has all the requisite equipment like autoclave, air filtered air with positive differential pressure to air lock so that bio security can be maintained. The temperature in the experimental homes is maintained between 22+2^O C. The lighting system is placed to maintained the temperature. The heat exchanger and power generators are available to maintained the experimental conditions to obtain the verified experimental results.

Results: The results of the present study are consistent with the findings of which showed that fatal exposure to nicotine increased the incidence of newborns with low birth weight (≤2,500 g) and very low birth height. Similarly, the study reported that each additional cigarette smoked per day during the third trimester resulted in a 27 g reduction in birth weight^.

Discussion: The study has been carried out on the women who smoke during the first trimester of the pregnancy with those who never smoke. The chances of low birth feed are more as compare to the women who never smoked. The same study also carried out a comparison between the women who smoked during the 2^nd and 3rd trimester, have chances of malformations in the child development due to the tobacco use.

Conclusion: The study concluded that the use of tobacco and other teratogenic potential agents may cause adverse effects on the fetus. The amount of nicotine uses by the pregnant women had inverse relationship between the malformation of the fetus and the nicotine use. The effect of nicotine is directly on the birth weight and height. The later development of pulmonary and cardiovascular disease is directly related to use of tobacco during pregnancy.